Describe the Industrial Revolution [angoltortenelem]

Describe the Industrial Revolution

1,Definition :

Fundamental change in industry. Manufactures were replaced by factories, chraftsmanship was replaced by machines. It spreadfrom England in the 1780's.

Main source of energy was steam.

2, Conditions:

-capitalist transformation of agriculture

-raw material

-labour force- more people

-machines

-capital

-development of the World market

Enclouses:landowners surrounded the lands, that is why peasants had to go to the citiesand find jobs in manufacturing.On the lands landlords raised sheeps.

3, Inventions:

-Textile ind. became the most importnt and developed industry

Inventions:-flying shuttle

-spinning jenny

-spinning mule

-cotton gin

-water frame

-sewing mashine

-Iron and steal production

-Steam engine

Steamship: Fulton 1807

-Locomotive: Stephenson 1825

-New tools in agriculture: reaper, tresher, lathe-Morse: telegraph

-Bell: telephone

4, Consequences:

-England became a World power

-Population grouth

-Workers movements

-destruction of machines

-political parties were formed

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII [angoltortenelem]

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII

Oct. 24., 1945: the United Nations was established

- aim: to preserve peace through international cooperation

- founded by 51 countries and today it has 189 members

- organizations in the UN:

· General Assembly - all UN states are members

· Security Council - 5 permanent members: USA, GB., Fr., China,

SU

- 10 rotating members

· Secretariat

· Trusteeship Council

· International Court of Justice

· Economic and Social Council

Specialized Agencies:

- FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization

- WB: World Bank

- IMF: International Monotory Found

- UNESCO: United Nation's Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

- UNICEF: Umited Nation's International Children's Emergency Found

Economic Cooperations:

- Marshall Plan

- 1948: - GB-Fr: a treaty about economic cooperation

- OEEC: Organization for European Economic Cooperation

- 1949: Comecon: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

- 1951: European Coal and Steel Community

- 1957: EEC: European Economic Community

» Common Market

Military Cooperations:

- 1949: NATO

- founding members: 12 countries

- today it has 26 members

- not only European Organization (USA, Canada)

- 1955: Warsaw Pact

-1955: the Austrian Pact was signed

® the SU withdrew its troops from Austria

® Austria became neutral

- its members could station troops on the territory of each other

League of Nations « United Nations: because the UN could solve crises between bigger nations

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN? [angoltortenelem]

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN?

I. The Cold War

1. March 5, 1946: Fulton, Missouri

Churchill: speech: iron curtain dividing the continent

2. Bi-polar world

· tensions between the US and the SU

over: - the fate of Germany and Berlin

- the fate of Central and Eastern-Europe

· by 1948 in every country the government was put under communist

control

® communist movements, civil wars

Þ policy of containment (George Kennan)

- to prevent the spreading of community

II. March, 1947: Truman Doctrine

The US should (and would) support free people resisting attempted domination

by armed minorities (communists) or outside pressure (SU).

® $ 400 million to Greece and Turkey

III. Marshall Plan (» Dawes Plan)

· Offered massive economic aid to help the recovery of European economy

· 1948-1953: $ 13 billion of aid were given to the European countries

· All European countries were invited, but the SU attacked as "Yankee imperialism" and refused it.

It also kept its satellites from it.

3.) Describe the growth of royal power and the development of estates in England. [angoltortenelem]

3.) Describe the growth of royal power and the development of estates in England.

-Early Middle Ages:

-fragmented political power lying in the hands of the oligarchs

-kings had little power

-landlords and the church controlled large territory, they had their own army, court, money…

-feudalism

-Flourishing period of the Middle Ages:

-economic development –> development of towns, of production, and of money economy

-monarchs could rely on a growing income, and could centralize their power

-Development of estates in England:

-William the Conqueror (1066):

-established feudalism in England (Domesday Book –> survey of land & properties that became the basis for taxation)

-Henry II (1154 – 89)

-extended the power of the royal court over the church

-T. Beckett (arcbisoph of Canterbury) didn´t want to let him do it

-established the mercanary army based on money coming from towns and cities

-John I (Lackland) (1199-1216)

-lost the French territories (of the English monarchs) –> Lackland

-his wars cost a lot –> it led to dissatisfaction –> nobles forced him to sign:

-Magna charta Libertatum (the great charter of liberties): 1215, June

-guaranteed the privilages and the rights of the nobles

-established the Royal Council (with 25 barons) to ensure that the king didn´t collect taxes from nobles, didnt make decisions without the consent of the Royal Council

-in case the king violated the agreement –> nobles had the right to oppose him

-Henry III (1216 – 1272)

-violated the agreement of Magna Charta –> nobles with the leadership of Simon de Monfort (governors) rebelled against him , and they called the first parliament together

-1265: First Parliament: upper nobility – middle nobility

-from that time on, the monarchs couldn´t collect taxes without th econsent of the Parliament

-Estate Monarchy: the estates & the monarch rule together (estate: the social groups that have the same background, economic interest and social position and act together for their common interests)

What were the sources of tensions that led to the outbreak of the WWI, describe the alliance system and power relations...[angoltortenelem]

What were the sources of tensions that led to the outbreak of the WWI, describe the alliance system and power relations during the war

By the second half of the 19th century there was unequal development which led to rivalry. Big powers were fregmented and new powers wanted there share, that is whybig powers made:

1, alliance system:

1873 Three Entente's Legue

- Germany (williamI)

-Russia (Alex.II)

- Au.-Hungarian monarchy (F. Ferdinand)

1879 Military alliance bw. Germany and the Au.-Hun.mon.

1882: Italy joined the military alliance

2, Power relations:

Central powers

-Au.-Hun. mon.

-Germany

-easy transportation of supply and troops

-easy mobilization

-could be circled easily

-had to import food and weapons

Entente

-Britain

-Francec

-Russia

-weaker land force

-defetable by a quick a

-colonies weren't supported perfectly

1914-1918 World War I

It started when the Au.-Hun mon. declared war on Serbia

1, 1914

aim:Schliffen Plan: quick attack on the Entente

Both the eastern and western fronts were included in the war

end: failure of the Schliffen Plan

2,1915

Eastern front was more effective

end:military siccess of the Central Powers but no political (they could not defeat the Entente)

3, 1916

Both the fronts were included

end: success of the Central p. but no political

4, 1917

Germany declared a submarine war. They sank every ship in water near the bourders.

(Step for this) The USA joined the war on ther side of the Entente - It become strong

5, 1918

Jan:Everybody wanted peace because of their weakening forces and lack of support.

-Wildson 14 points

-Entente decided about the looser'sterritories

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN? [angoltortenelem]

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN?

I. The Cold War

1. March 5, 1946: Fulton, Missouri

Churchill: speech: iron curtain dividing the continent

2. Bi-polar world

· tensions between the US and the SU

over: - the fate of Germany and Berlin

- the fate of Central and Eastern-Europe

· by 1948 in every country the government was put under communist

controll

® communist movements, civil wars

Þ policy of containment (George Kennan)

- to prevent the spreading of community

II. March, 1947: Truman Doctrine

The US should (and would) support free people resisting attempted domination

by armed minorities (communists) or outside pressure (SU).

® $ 400 million to Greece and Turkey

III. Marshall Plan (» Dawes Plan)

· Offered massive economic aid to help the recovery of European economy

· 1948-1953: $ 13 billion of aid were given to the European countries

· All European countries were invited, but the SU attacked as "Yankee imperialism" and refused it.

It also kept its satellites from it.

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's [angoltortenelem]

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's

After the WWI and the signing of peace treaties there were still tensions between some nations. To prevent these tensions the League of Nations was established.

I. 1919: League of Nations

- rejected the alliance system

- rejected the balance of power policy

- wanted collective security

® an organized community of nations acting together to preserve peace

1920's: The League of Nations helped settle minor disputes between small

nations, but less successful in solving crises that involved bigger nations.

II. 1924: Dawes Plan

- the USA gave loans to Germany, this way Germany could pay

reparations to Br. and Fr., and eventually Br. and Fr. could repay the

loans that they had recieved from the USA

® G. could gradually recover and pay reparations

Þ European economy recovered by the second half of the 1920's

1929: Young Plan

- it would have been the continuation of the Dawes Plan but the Great

Depression prevented it

III. 1925: Locarno Pact

- aim: to improve relations in Europe

® Western European nations:

- guaranteed the existing borders

- agreed to seek peaceful solutions to any dispute

- Germany agreed to find peaceful solutions to the dispute about its

Eastern borders (with Poland and Czechoslovakia)

® 1926: Germany joined the League of Nations

IV. 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact ( Kellog- Am. Secretary of State

Briand- Fr. Foreign Minister)

- rejected war as an instrument of national policy

® 62 nations signed it

® symbolized the optimism and idealism of the period.... but in 1929 the

whole world collapsed because of the Great Depression

The War of Independence [angoltortenelem]

The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America

North: small farms

wheat, fruits, honey, fish

shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon

South: plantations

Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice

II. The English looked at the American colonies as:

- Suppliers of raw materials

- Market for British products.

III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).

Taxes, duties on the colonies.

IV. 1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.

1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.

1767-70: economic boycott on British products.

1770: Stamp Act was repealed.

’Boston Massacre’

1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.

1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia

- Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.

- Continued the economic boycott.

1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)

Second Continental Congress

- To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)

War of Independence

1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory

1778: Spain 

1779: France supported the Am.

1780: Holland 

1781: Yorktown – Am victory.

1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA

1787: Constitution

- Separation of power: Checks and Balances

- Legislative - Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)

- Executive - President­­

- Judicial – Supreme Court

Civil War

I. Western Expansion:

(1776: Declaration of Independence

1783: Peace Treaty – USA)

1803: Louisiana purchase (France)

1819: Florida (Spain)

1845: Texas (Mexico)

1846: Oregon Territory (GB)

1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)

Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.

Manifest Destiny

Monroe Doctrine

II. North  South

- Farming Plantation

- Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)

- For- Against immigration

- Production for the home market For the world market

Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade

- Strong, centralized government Loose confederation

- Republican Democrat

III. Power Relations

- 20 million 9 million people

- 22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad

- Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice

- Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)

IV. Outbreak of the Civil War

Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President

Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded

Confederate States of America

1861-65: Civil War

In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.

1863: Emancipation Proclamation

- To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states

- Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address

Turning point

The victory of the North/Union

1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender

- The end of the war.

V. Results, outcome

- The Union was preserved.

- Slavery ended second revolution.

- 600,000 lives were lost.

The first total war in history

- The two armies + the back country were involved.

- Railroads,

- Rifles,

- Trenches,

- Fortifications.

Everybody’s war.

The war of exhaustion.

The Eastern question [angoltortenelem]

The Eastern question

1. The Eastern question

Who would take over the role of the weakening Turkish Empire in the Balkans?

1829:Greece

1859:Roumania ( Moldavia, Valachia )

1867:Serbia

2. 1877-1878 Russia against the Turkish Empire

Berlin: conference Russia had to withdraw

- Bulgaria autonomy ( East-Rumelia )

- Bosnia Herzegovina arrow Austrian-Hungarian monarchy

- Macedonian under Turkish rule

- Russia excluded

- Independence of Romania, Serbia

1912: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia against the Turkish empire

1^st Balkan war took most of the European possessions of the Turkish Empire and created Albania

BUT debates about the borders

1913:2^nd Balkan war

Bulgaria against Serbia ( Bulgaria got nothing, Serbia got Greece)

- uneasy peace

Balkans: powder keg of Europe