Declaration of Rights of Man [angoltortenelem]

Declaration of Rights of Man

1. French Revolution

Causes: - contradictions in economy

- contradictions in society

- political crises (Louis XVI. in "trouble")

=> The outbreak of the revolution

-May.5., 1789: opening session - National Assembly (with one vote for each repr.)

-BUT: the king dissolved it => Tennis Court Oath

-People attacked and destroyed the Bastille (July 14., 1789) => Fr. revolution started

-Aug. 4., 1789 - abolition of feudal privileges

2. Declaration of Rights of Man (Aug. 26., 1789)

Content: - individual freedom

- right to property

- equality in front of the law

- equal taxation

- principles of representation

=> freedom of speech and thought

=> freedom of religion

=> freedom of the press

BUT Louis XVI. refused to sign it

=> Oct. 5.: March of Women: The king was forced to go to Paris; the National Assembly followed him

By 1791: Constitution

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's [angoltortenelem]

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's

After the WWI and the signing of peace treaties there were still tensions between some nations. To prevent these tensions the League of Nations was established.

I. 1919: League of Nations

- rejected the alliance system

- rejected the balance of power policy

- wanted collective security

® an organised community of nations acting together to preserve peace

1920's: The League of Nations helped settle minor disputes between small

nations, but less successful in solving crises that involved bigger nations.

II. 1924: Dawes Plan

- the USA gave loans to Germany, this way Germany could pay

reparations to Br. and Fr., and eventually Br. and Fr. could repay the

loans that they had received from the USA

® G. could gradually recover and pay reparations

Þ European economy recovered by the second half of the 1920's

1929: Young Plan

- it would have been the continuation of the Dawes Plan but the Great

Depression prevented it

III. 1925: Locarno Pact

- aim: to improve relations in Europe

® Western European nations:

- guaranteed the existing borders

- agreed to seek peaceful solutions to any dispute

- Germany agreed to find peaceful solutions to the dispute about its

Eastern borders (with Poland and Czechoslovakia)

® 1926: Germany joined the League of Nations

IV. 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact ( Kellog- Am. Secretary of State

Briand- Fr. Foreign Minister)

- rejected war as an instrument of national policy

® 62 nations signed it

® symbolised the optimism and idealism of the period.... but in 1929 the

whole world collapsed because of the Great Depression

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN? [angoltortenelem]

WHAT WAS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN?

I. The Cold War

1. March 5, 1946: Fulton, Missouri

Churchill: speech: iron curtain dividing the continent

2. Bi-polar world

· tensions between the US and the SU

over: - the fate of Germany and Berlin

- the fate of Central and Eastern-Europe

· by 1948 in every country the government was put under communist

control

® communist movements, civil wars

Þ policy of containment (George Kennan)

- to prevent the spreading of community

II. March, 1947: Truman Doctrine

The US should (and would) support free people resisting attempted domination

by armed minorities (communists) or outside pressure (SU).

® $ 400 million to Greece and Turkey

III. Marshall Plan (» Dawes Plan)

· Offered massive economic aid to help the recovery of European economy

· 1948-1953: $ 13 billion of aid were given to the European countries

· All European countries were invited, but the SU attacked as "Yankee imperialism" and refused it.

It also kept its satellites from it.

Describe the causes, the course and the outcome of the Great Depression [angoltortenelem]

Describe the causes, the course and the outcome of the Great Depression

I. October 24, 1929: Black Thursday

The New York Stock Market collapsed

=> investors panicked and sold at a loss

At first the crash appeared to influence only those who gambled and lost at the stock market. BUT soon: -signs of the crises

~ unemployment grew

~ industrial production, prices, wages fell

Reasons: -overproduction by business

-underconsumption

-1920s: rising productivity => enormous profits ~ unevenly distributed

II. Consequences

-cut back on production

=> downward economic spiral

>> unemployment

>> narrowed down the market => further cut backs on production

-the Great Depression (1929-33) meant financial, industrial and agricultural crisis.

-social tensions ~ political unrest

Solutions: -radical

-democratic

III. Solutions (the New Deal)

1929: Herbert Hoover (Am. president) expected that the crises would be over very

soon. 'prosperity is just around the corner.'

-he introduced only a few measures: ~ public works projects

~ government agency that lent money

BUT: these measures were not enough to overcome the crises.

1932: F. D. Roosevelt became the Am. president

-he introduced an economic and social program that was known as the

New Deal.

-New Deal was about state intervention

1. -to restore confidence in banks: ~ certain banks were reopened under

government supervision

2. -to solve the problem of unemployment and overproduction

~ AAA (agricultural adjustment act)

-it restricted the production of certain crops.

-paid bounties for uncultivated land

~ CCC (civilian conservation corps)

-national reforestation program

~ NIRA (national industrial recovery act)

-it meant the public works projects (building roads, bridges,

schools...)

~ TVA (Tennessee valley act)

-regulation of the river controlling river floods

-reforestation

-electricity was provided for the rural areas along the river

3. Social program

~ Social Security Act

-it provided unemployment benefit

-old-age benefits/pension

~ National Labour Relations Act

-it guaranteed the rights for workers to organise trade unions

The American economy could gradually recover but since the 1930s the American

government has played a greater role than before.

The age of discoveries [angoltortenelem]

The age of discoveries

1. From the middle of the XV. century there was slow development.

- industry and agriculture developed

- overpopulation arrow Western-Europe couldn’t provide food for its population arrow more and more agricultural goods for import.

- Trade was arranged by the navigation on the Atlantic coast.

- The precious metal-mines of Europe couldn’t provide enough precious metal arrow after 1453 the Turkish empire got all the benefit from the trade of the Mediterranean-sea.

- 1471 Portuguese sailors travelled through the Equator

- 1498 Vasco de Gamma shipping around Africa he reached the western coasts of India.

- 12^th October 1492 Christopher Columbus disembarked at Guanahani-peninsula.

- Cortez, Alvarando, Pizarro: they wanted to loot the natives and conquer America.

- 1521-1600 a huge amount of silver, gold and precious metal were given to the poor Europe. The biggest treasures of America, its plants spread in Europe also. For example: corn, potato, tomato, sunflower, tobacco and pineapple. Rubber, cocoa and vanilla also come from America.

- The native Indians had to work in mines and on different plantations. If they were weak black slaves were shipped from Africa so the shipping of slaves became very common in the Atlantic navigation.

The Eastern question [angoltortenelem]

The Eastern question

1. The Eastern question

Who would take over the role of the weakening Turkish Empire in the Balkans?

1829:Greece

1859:Roumania ( Moldavia, Valachia )

1867:Serbia

2. 1877-1878 Russia against the Turkish Empire

Berlin: conference Russia had to withdraw

- Bulgaria autonomy ( East-Rumelia )

- Bosnia Herzegovina arrow Austrian-Hungarian monarchy

- Macedonian under Turkish rule

- Russia excluded

- Independence of Romania, Serbia

1912: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia against the Turkish empire

1^st Balkan war took most of the European possessions of the Turkish Empire and created Albania

BUT debates about the borders

1913:2^nd Balkan war

Bulgaria against Serbia ( Bulgaria got nothing, Serbia got Greece)

- uneasy peace

Balkans: powder keg of Europe

Describe the war communism and the new economic policy [angoltortenelem]

Describe the war communism and the new economic policy

War communism is a strong, strict government control of most industries, railways and banks at the time of the Russian Civil war. Peasants had to turn over their surplus ( centrally collected and redistributed) to the government.

Terror was used to silence the critics of the revolution plus censorship

On 30^th July 1918 the tsar and his family were executed. Secret police (Cheka) was introduced.

Outcome: The civil war devastated famine so certain changes were needed

1921-28 NEP ( New Economic Policy )

- reintroduction of certain capitalist measures

- government controlled heavy industry, banks, BUT small manufactures were allowed to have their own business

- surplus arrow market arrow money

- terror eased

- economic pluralism ( capitalists, socialists) BUT no political pluralism

- only one party ( Bolshevik party )

A few changes in politics

1922: USSR

Changes:

- elimination of titles of nobility

- Orthodox Church loss of influence

- Laws: equality of men and women, 8 hour working day

1924: Lenin died

-struggle to take over the power

Trotsky against Dzhugashvili ( Stalin, man of steel )

It led to world revolution ( Trotsky ) against socialism in one country

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's [angoltortenelem]

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's

After the WWI and the signing of peace treaties there were still tensions between some nations. To prevent these tensions the League of Nations was established.

I. 1919: League of Nations

- rejected the alliance system

- rejected the balance of power policy

- wanted collective security

® an organized community of nations acting together to preserve peace

1920's: The League of Nations helped settle minor disputes between small

nations, but less successful in solving crises that involved bigger nations.

II. 1924: Dawes Plan

- the USA gave loans to Germany, this way Germany could pay

reparations to Br. and Fr., and eventually Br. and Fr. could repay the

loans that they had recieved from the USA

® G. could gradually recover and pay reparations

Þ European economy recovered by the second half of the 1920's

1929: Young Plan

- it would have been the continuation of the Dawes Plan but the Great

Depression prevented it

III. 1925: Locarno Pact

- aim: to improve relations in Europe

® Western European nations:

- guaranteed the existing borders

- agreed to seek peaceful solutions to any dispute

- Germany agreed to find peaceful solutions to the dispute about its

Eastern borders (with Poland and Czechoslovakia)

® 1926: Germany joined the League of Nations

IV. 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact ( Kellog- Am. Secretary of State

Briand- Fr. Foreign Minister)

- rejected war as an instrument of national policy

® 62 nations signed it

® symbolized the optimism and idealism of the period.... but in 1929 the

whole world collapsed because of the Great Depression

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII [angoltortenelem]

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII

Oct. 24., 1945: the United Nations was established

- aim: to preserve peace through international cooperation

- founded by 51 countries and today it has 189 members

- organizations in the UN:

· General Assembly - all UN states are members

· Security Council - 5 permanent members: USA, GB., Fr., China,

SU

- 10 rotating members

· Secretariat

· Trusteeship Council

· International Court of Justice

· Economic and Social Council

Specialized Agencies:

- FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization

- WB: World Bank

- IMF: International Monotory Found

- UNESCO: United Nation's Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

- UNICEF: Umited Nation's International Children's Emergency Found

Economic Cooperations:

- Marshall Plan

- 1948: - GB-Fr: a treaty about economic cooperation

- OEEC: Organization for European Economic Cooperation

- 1949: Comecon: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

- 1951: European Coal and Steel Community

- 1957: EEC: European Economic Community

» Common Market

Military Cooperations:

- 1949: NATO

- founding members: 12 countries

- today it has 26 members

- not only European Organization (USA, Canada)

- 1955: Warsaw Pact

-1955: the Austrian Pact was signed

® the SU withdrew its troops from Austria

® Austria became neutral

- its members could station troops on the territory of each other

League of Nations « United Nations: because the UN could solve crises between bigger nations

The War of Independence [angoltortenelem]

The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America

North: small farms

wheat, fruits, honey, fish

shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon

South: plantations

Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice

II. The English looked at the American colonies as:

- Suppliers of raw materials

- Market for British products.

III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).

Taxes, duties on the colonies.

IV. 1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.

1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.

1767-70: economic boycott on British products.

1770: Stamp Act was repealed.

’Boston Massacre’

1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.

1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia

- Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.

- Continued the economic boycott.

1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)

Second Continental Congress

- To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)

War of Independence

1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory

1778: Spain 

1779: France supported the Am.

1780: Holland 

1781: Yorktown – Am victory.

1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA

1787: Constitution

- Separation of power: Checks and Balances

- Legislative - Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)

- Executive - President­­

- Judicial – Supreme Court

Civil War

I. Western Expansion:

(1776: Declaration of Independence

1783: Peace Treaty – USA)

1803: Louisiana purchase (France)

1819: Florida (Spain)

1845: Texas (Mexico)

1846: Oregon Territory (GB)

1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)

Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.

Manifest Destiny

Monroe Doctrine

II. North  South

- Farming Plantation

- Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)

- For- Against immigration

- Production for the home market For the world market

Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade

- Strong, centralized government Loose confederation

- Republican Democrat

III. Power Relations

- 20 million 9 million people

- 22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad

- Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice

- Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)

IV. Outbreak of the Civil War

Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President

Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded

Confederate States of America

1861-65: Civil War

In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.

1863: Emancipation Proclamation

- To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states

- Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address

Turning point

The victory of the North/Union

1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender

- The end of the war.

V. Results, outcome

- The Union was preserved.

- Slavery ended second revolution.

- 600,000 lives were lost.

The first total war in history

- The two armies + the back country were involved.

- Railroads,

- Rifles,

- Trenches,

- Fortifications.

Everybody’s war.

The war of exhaustion.