The War of Independence
I. Economy of English America
North: small farms
wheat, fruits, honey, fish
shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon
South: plantations
Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice
II. The English looked at the American colonies as:
- Suppliers of raw materials
- Market for British products.
III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).
Taxes, duties on the colonies.
IV. 1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.
1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.
1767-70: economic boycott on British products.
1770: Stamp Act was repealed.
’Boston Massacre’
1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.
1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia
- Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.
- Continued the economic boycott.
1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)
Second Continental Congress
- To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)
War of Independence
1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)
1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory
1778: Spain
1779: France supported the Am.
1780: Holland
1781: Yorktown – Am victory.
1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA
1787: Constitution
- Separation of power: Checks and Balances
- Legislative - Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)
- Executive - President
- Judicial – Supreme Court
Civil War
I. Western Expansion:
(1776: Declaration of Independence
1783: Peace Treaty – USA)
1803: Louisiana purchase (France)
1819: Florida (Spain)
1845: Texas (Mexico)
1846: Oregon Territory (GB)
1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)
Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.
Manifest Destiny
Monroe Doctrine
II. North South
- Farming Plantation
- Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)
- For- Against immigration
- Production for the home market For the world market
Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade
- Strong, centralized government Loose confederation
- Republican Democrat
III. Power Relations
- 20 million 9 million people
- 22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad
- Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice
- Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)
IV. Outbreak of the Civil War
Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President
Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded
Confederate States of America
1861-65: Civil War
In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
- To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states
- Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address
Turning point
The victory of the North/Union
1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender
- The end of the war.
V. Results, outcome
- The Union was preserved.
- Slavery ended second revolution.
- 600,000 lives were lost.
The first total war in history
- The two armies + the back country were involved.
- Railroads,
- Rifles,
- Trenches,
- Fortifications.
Everybody’s war.
The war of exhaustion.
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