3.) Describe the growth of royal power and the development of estates in England.
-Early Middle Ages:
-fragmented political power lying in the hands of the oligarchs
-kings had little power
-landlords and the church controlled large territory, they had their own army, court, money…
-feudalism
-Flourishing period of the Middle Ages:
-economic development –> development of towns, of production, and of money economy
-monarchs could rely on a growing income, and could centralize their power
-Development of estates in England:
-William the Conqueror (1066):
-established feudalism in England (Domesday Book –> survey of land & properties that became the basis for taxation)
-Henry II (1154 – 89)
-extended the power of the royal court over the church
-T. Beckett (arcbisoph of Canterbury) didn´t want to let him do it
-established the mercanary army based on money coming from towns and cities
-John I (Lackland) (1199-1216)
-lost the French territories (of the English monarchs) –> Lackland
-his wars cost a lot –> it led to dissatisfaction –> nobles forced him to sign:
-Magna charta Libertatum (the great charter of liberties): 1215, June
-guaranteed the privilages and the rights of the nobles
-established the Royal Council (with 25 barons) to ensure that the king didn´t collect taxes from nobles, didnt make decisions without the consent of the Royal Council
-in case the king violated the agreement –> nobles had the right to oppose him
-Henry III (1216 – 1272)
-violated the agreement of Magna Charta –> nobles with the leadership of Simon de Monfort (governors) rebelled against him , and they called the first parliament together
-1265: First Parliament: upper nobility – middle nobility
-from that time on, the monarchs couldn´t collect taxes without th econsent of the Parliament
-Estate Monarchy: the estates & the monarch rule together (estate: the social groups that have the same background, economic interest and social position and act together for their common interests)
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