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A következő címkéjű bejegyzések mutatása: English history. Összes bejegyzés megjelenítése
A következő címkéjű bejegyzések mutatása: English history. Összes bejegyzés megjelenítése

The Eastern question [angoltortenelem]

The Eastern question

1. The Eastern question

Who would take over the role of the weakening Turkish Empire in the Balkans?

1829:Greece

1859:Roumania ( Moldavia, Valachia )

1867:Serbia

2. 1877-1878 Russia against the Turkish Empire

Berlin: conference Russia had to withdraw

- Bulgaria autonomy ( East-Rumelia )

- Bosnia Herzegovina arrow Austrian-Hungarian monarchy

- Macedonian under Turkish rule

- Russia excluded

- Independence of Romania, Serbia

1912: Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia against the Turkish empire

1st Balkan war took most of the European possessions of the Turkish Empire and created Albania

BUT debates about the borders

1913:2nd Balkan war

Bulgaria against Serbia ( Bulgaria got nothing, Serbia got Greece)

- uneasy peace

Balkans: powder keg of Europe

Describe the war communism and the new economic policy [angoltortenelem]

Describe the war communism and the new economic policy

War communism is a strong, strict government control of most industries, railways and banks at the time of the Russian Civil war. Peasants had to turn over their surplus ( centrally collected and redistributed) to the government.

Terror was used to silence the critics of the revolution plus censorship

On 30th July 1918 the tsar and his family were executed. Secret police (Cheka) was introduced.

Outcome: The civil war devastated famine so certain changes were needed

1921-28 NEP ( New Economic Policy )

- reintroduction of certain capitalist measures

- government controlled heavy industry, banks, BUT small manufactures were allowed to have their own business

- surplus arrow market arrow money

- terror eased

- economic pluralism ( capitalists, socialists) BUT no political pluralism

- only one party ( Bolshevik party )

A few changes in politics

1922: USSR

Changes:

- elimination of titles of nobility

- Orthodox Church loss of influence

- Laws: equality of men and women, 8 hour working day

1924: Lenin died

-struggle to take over the power

Trotsky against Dzhugashvili ( Stalin, man of steel )

It led to world revolution ( Trotsky ) against socialism in one country

Describe the Meiji Period [angoltortenlem]

Describe the Meiji Period

I. Japan rulers followed the policy of isolation (expelled foreigners)

Shoguns: -strong, centralised government

-they controlled society, economy

Society: -rigid order

-samurai

-landlords

-artisans, craftsmen

-peasants

-merchants

Expansion of trade within Japan

-merchants became stronger

-questioned the privileges and the power of samurai

II. 1853: End of isolation

-US sent a fleet to Japan to start diplomatic negotiations

-US demanded:

-open the ports / the right to trade with Japan

-the insurance of the safety of Am citizens shipwrecked in Japanese water

-the right to take food, water and fuel for the Am ships in Japanese ports

III. 1854: Treaty of Kanagawa

-opened 2 Japanese ports

-agreed the other demands

1850s-1860s:

-several ‘unequal treaties” were made with US and European powers

ð fierce opposition in Japanese society to the shoguns

IV. 1868:

The last shogun resigned and the emperor moved the capital from Kyoto to Tokyo.

He took the name of ‘Meiji’ /enlightened/

1912: Meiji-period

ð Reforms:

-end of feudalism

-all classes were made equal before the law

-1872: Universal Military Service

ð end of samurai’s privileges

-1889: constitutional government

-2 houses of Parliament

-the Emperor still had the right to issue and veto laws and declare war

Economic policy: -modernisation

ð government sponsored new industries:

-shipbuilding

-gunpowder

-mining

-communication

-railways

-textile industry

ð private enterprises

ð By 1914 the combination of government and private enterprise made Japan a powerful industrial nation.

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's [angoltortenelem]

Diplomatic Relations in the 1920's

After the WWI and the signing of peace treaties there were still tensions between some nations. To prevent these tensions the League of Nations was established.

I. 1919: League of Nations

- rejected the alliance system

- rejected the balance of power policy

- wanted collective security

® an organized community of nations acting together to preserve peace

1920's: The League of Nations helped settle minor disputes between small

nations, but less successful in solving crises that involved bigger nations.

II. 1924: Dawes Plan

- the USA gave loans to Germany, this way Germany could pay

reparations to Br. and Fr., and eventually Br. and Fr. could repay the

loans that they had recieved from the USA

® G. could gradually recover and pay reparations

Þ European economy recovered by the second half of the 1920's

1929: Young Plan

- it would have been the continuation of the Dawes Plan but the Great

Depression prevented it

III. 1925: Locarno Pact

- aim: to improve relations in Europe

® Western European nations:

- guaranteed the existing borders

- agreed to seek peaceful solutions to any dispute

- Germany agreed to find peaceful solutions to the dispute about its

Eastern borders (with Poland and Czechoslovakia)

® 1926: Germany joined the League of Nations

IV. 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact ( Kellog- Am. Secretary of State

Briand- Fr. Foreign Minister)

- rejected war as an instrument of national policy

® 62 nations signed it

® symbolized the optimism and idealism of the period.... but in 1929 the

whole world collapsed because of the Great Depression

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII [angoltortenelem]

Describe the International Organizations after the WWII

Oct. 24., 1945: the United Nations was established

- aim: to preserve peace through international cooperation

- founded by 51 countries and today it has 189 members

- organizations in the UN:

· General Assembly - all UN states are members

· Security Council - 5 permanent members: USA, GB., Fr., China,

SU

- 10 rotating members

· Secretariat

· Trusteeship Council

· International Court of Justice

· Economic and Social Council

Specialized Agencies:

- FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization

- WB: World Bank

- IMF: International Monotory Found

- UNESCO: United Nation's Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

- UNICEF: Umited Nation's International Children's Emergency Found

Economic Cooperations:

- Marshall Plan

- 1948: - GB-Fr: a treaty about economic cooperation

- OEEC: Organization for European Economic Cooperation

- 1949: Comecon: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

- 1951: European Coal and Steel Community

- 1957: EEC: European Economic Community

» Common Market

Military Cooperations:

- 1949: NATO

- founding members: 12 countries

- today it has 26 members

- not only European Organization (USA, Canada)

- 1955: Warsaw Pact

-1955: the Austrian Pact was signed

® the SU withdrew its troops from Austria

® Austria became neutral

- its members could station troops on the territory of each other

League of Nations « United Nations: because the UN could solve crises between bigger nations

The War of Independence [angoltortenelem]

The War of Independence

I. Economy of English America

North: small farms

wheat, fruits, honey, fish

shipbuilding, cloth-making, shue-making, paper-, glass production, weapon

South: plantations

Tobacco, cotton, indigo, rice

II. The English looked at the American colonies as:

- Suppliers of raw materials

- Market for British products.

III. Acts, regulations to prevent the colonies from producing goods (Hat, Iron Act, Molasses Act).

Taxes, duties on the colonies.

IV. 1763: Royal Proclamation: forbade settlements West of the Allegheny Mountain.

1765: Stamp Act – opposition – ’taxation without representation’.

1767-70: economic boycott on British products.

1770: Stamp Act was repealed.

’Boston Massacre’

1773: ’Boston Tea Party’.

1774: First Continental Congress in Philadelphia

- Refused obedience to British acts, though they promised loyalty to the British King.

- Continued the economic boycott.

1775: Lexington (Am.Br.)

Second Continental Congress

- To prepare for war (CIC: George Washington)

War of Independence

1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

1777: Saratoga – Am. Victory

1778: Spain

1779: France supported the Am.

1780: Holland

1781: Yorktown – Am victory.

1783, Sept 3: Peace Treaty (Versaille) USA

1787: Constitution

- Separation of power: Checks and Balances

- Legislative - Congress (Senate, House of Representatives)

- Executive - President­­

- Judicial – Supreme Court

Civil War

I. Western Expansion:

(1776: Declaration of Independence

1783: Peace Treaty – USA)

1803: Louisiana purchase (France)

1819: Florida (Spain)

1845: Texas (Mexico)

1846: Oregon Territory (GB)

1848: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada (Mexico)

Frontier: moving border between the civilized and wild territories.

Manifest Destiny

Monroe Doctrine

II. North South

- Farming Plantation

- Industry Agriculture (mono-culture)

- For- Against immigration

- Production for the home market For the world market

Protectionism (tariffs) Free trade

- Strong, centralized government Loose confederation

- Republican Democrat

III. Power Relations

- 20 million 9 million people

- 22 thousand miles 9 thousand miles of railroad

- Farms food Tobacco, cotton, indigo rice

- Factories, ships, money (credit) Better army – leadership (because of the slaves)

IV. Outbreak of the Civil War

Casus belli: Nov,1860: elections Abraham Lincoln – President

Republican Party 11 southern states sceeded

Confederate States of America

1861-65: Civil War

In the beginning the Southerners were more succesful.

1863: Emancipation Proclamation

- To liberate all slaves on the territory of the rebellious states

- Gettysburg – Gettysgurg Address

Turning point

The victory of the North/Union

1865: Appomatax – Southern surrender

- The end of the war.

V. Results, outcome

- The Union was preserved.

- Slavery ended second revolution.

- 600,000 lives were lost.

The first total war in history

- The two armies + the back country were involved.

- Railroads,

- Rifles,

- Trenches,

- Fortifications.

Everybody’s war.

The war of exhaustion.

The Versaille Peace Treaty [angoltortenelem]

The Versaille Peace Treaty

I. Wilson (American President) proposed a just peace: Wilson’s 14 points:

The main points of Wilson’s 14 points:

- No secret diplomacy, opened peace negotiations

- Freedom of the sea

- Free trade

- Peaceful negotiations about colonial claims

- Reduction of armament

- Evacuation of troops

- Borders along clearly recognizable lines of nationality

- Self-determination to choose the form of government

- Independence of Poland

- Establishment of the League of Nations

The peace conference was opened on January 18, 1919 (the date of the proclamation of the German Empire on Jan 18, 1871).

- 27 state were present at the negotiations – the losers were not invited.

- The important persons were the ’Big Four’:

- Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France

- Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Great Britain

- Wilson, President of the USA

- Orlando, Prime Minister of Italy

- The five important questions were:

- Germany

- Austria-Hungary

- Russia

- The German colonies

- Turkish Empire

Aim of

- England: to get the colonies of Germany, abolish its sea power and to prevent France from gaining too much power.

- France: weak Germany

- Italy: territories from Austria-Hungary, control of the Adriatic Sea.

- USA: interests in East Asia, South America and Siberian lands.

Germany Versailles, July 28, 1919

- Elsace Loraine was given to France

- Saar Basin was put under international control for 15 years

- Rhine Valley was demilitarized

- Danzig (Gdansk) became a free town

- The German army could contain no more than 100,000 people, recruitment was banned

- The navy was taken from Germany

- Germany had to pay reparations

Austria - Saint Germain, September 10, 1919

- Abolishment of the Monarchy

- Austria lost Trieste, South Tirol and Istria

- Restraints on military

- Prohibition of its unification with Germany (Anschluss)

Russia was not considered as a victorious country and the soviet government was not regarded as a democratic government. Russia was not invited to the peace negotiations.

Turkey - Sévres, August 10, 1920

Its land was divided and the straits were put under international control.

New States

- Poland became an independent country. It got territories from the German Empire and Russia, Galicia, parts of Bukovina.

- Czechoslovakia got Upper Hungary, the Sudetenland and Sub-Carpathia.

- Yugoslavia fom 1929.

- Romania got large territories, eg. Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia.

1921-22: Washington Conference – the questions of East Asia. 1919: League of Nations

 
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