Economical and social characterization of region of the North Great Plain

Society:

• population: 1,550,000 people
• population density: 87.5 p/
• population of the North Great Plain is constant the annual variation is only 0.03%.
• unemployment: 90,000 people are not employed
• there are not small cities: people live in villages and large cities,  this evolved under the Turkish Reign
• Gipsy population is about 50,000
• religion.-1,150,000 people are members of a religious group
•  the most popular churches-Catholic /550,000 p./   
• Calvinist /550,000 p./

Economy:

• landscape: it is a plain, so the variation of height not reaches 200m
• it is poor in minerals /except some recourses/ 
• it has good soil and climate
• agriculture and processing industry, which settled on it, is developed
• the development of the infrastructure is under the territorial (országos) average   

Counties of the North Plain:-Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county

• Hajdú-Bihar county
• Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county

There are big differences between the counties inside the region.:

• H.-B. c.:-It has multi-faceted agriculture and industry.
• Debrecen has central role.
• J.-N.-Sz. c.:-Mean developed (közepesen fejlett) area.
• Sz.-Sz.-B. c.:-It is at a disadvantage (hátrányos helyzetben van).-small settlements
• high rate of unemployment
• unfavourable soil attributes (talajadottságok)

Hajdú-Bihar County:

Minerals (ásványkincsek):

• the natural gas extraction (kitermelés) is significant and there is a bit mineral oil extraction 

Industry:-industry is settled in the cities

• Debrecen has multi-faced industry:-chemical-, food-, press industry and production of agricultural machines and bearing (csapágy)
• Other cities with factories:-Hajdúszoboszló-chemical industry
• Téglás-production of machines

Agriculture:-in this county agriculture has an important role

• main cultivated plants:-wheat
• corn
• potato
• sugar-beet

•  animal breeding:-cow-9% of the Hungarian substance is in this county
•  swine-10%
•  sheep-20%

Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County:

Minerals:

• extraction of the natural gas and mineral oil is should be noted
• extraction of raw materials of the building industry is significant-sand
• clay

Industry:

• it is settled in the cities
• leading branches:-machine industry-Jászberény
• Szolnok
• food industry-poultry processing-Törökszentmiklós
• milk industry-Tiszafüred
• mill industry-Törökszentmiklós
• sugar industry-Szolnok
• vegetable oil and bier production-Martfű
• baking industry-Szolnok
• other existing branches in this county: -chemical industry-Szolnok
• paper industry-Szolnok
• furniture industry-Szolnok
• shoe production-Martfű

Agriculture:-in this county agriculture has an important role

• main cultivated plants:-wheat
• sunflower
• corn
• sugar-beet
• alfalfa (lucerna)
• rice-90% of the Hungarian rice casting area (vetőterület) is in this county
• animal breeding: -there is about 7-8% of the Hungarian substance of swine, cow and sheep
• there are about 4000 horses
• and more than one million poultries

Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County:
Minerals:

• only sand, and clay are extracted in this county

Industry:

• leading branch:-food industry-Kisvárda
• other important branches in this county:-chemical industry
• textile industry
• machine industry
• wood industry-Vásárosnamény
• Tuzsér
• centres of the industry:-Nyíregyháza:-food industry
• gum industry (gumiipar)
• Tiszavasvári:-medical industry
• Nyírbátor:-shoe industry
• Záhony:-its industry is built on the border traffic
  

Agriculture:

• main cultivated plants:-field (szántóföldi) plants-wheat, corn, sugar-beet and potato
• fruits-apple, plum, cherry and nut
  

• animal breeding:-there is about 5% of the Hungarian substance of swine and cow
• there is 16.5% of the Hungarian substance of sheep 
• there is about 6.5% of the Hungarian substance of poultry
  

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Earthquake

Earthquake is a movement of the crust. About 150, 000 earthquakes can be sensed yearly without instruments, these movements are the macro seismic quakes (makroszeizmikus rengés). And there are 1 million, which is only detectable with instruments, these are the micro seismic quakes (mikroszeizmikus rengés). 90% of the earthquakes are connected with the margins of plates, similarly to active volcanoes. And because of this, on a map the epicentres show these lines. The other 10% are caused by eruption of volcanoes, and the collapse of underground cavities (üreg). The hypocentre is the underground site, from which earthquakes waves originate. The epicentre is the area of the surface directly above the hypocentre /focus/ o fan earthquake. We can make a difference among three types of the earthquakes: shallow-focused (sekély fészkű) /0-70 km/, mid-focused (közép fészkű) /70-300 km/, and deep-focused (mély fészkű) /300-700 km/ earthquakes. We can measure the strength of the earthquake by seismograph. There are two scales to express the power of an earthquake. 

a)      Richter scale: It contains 10 grades:

Micro (less than 2.0), Very Minor (2.0-2.9), Minor (3.0-3.9), Light (4.0-4.9), Moderate (5.0-5.9), Strong (6.0-6.9), Major (7.0-7.9), Great (8.0-8.9), Rarely Great, (9.0-9.9), Meteoric (10+)

b)      Mercalli scale: It contains 12 grades:

I, Instrumental, II, Feeble, III, Slight, IV, Moderate, V, Rather Strong, VI, Strong, VII, Very Strong, VIII, Destructive, IX, Ruinous, X, Disastrous, XI, Very Disastrous, XII, Catastrophic

-The strongest earthquake in Hungary was in 28. 06. 1763. in Komárom.

-The strongest earthquake on the Earth since 1900 was in 2004 in Sumatra, Indonesia, its magnitude was 9.0, and there 289.000 people died.

Characterisation of the centres and peripheries of world economy from the economical and social point of view

The centres and peripheries are the 2 opposite poles of world economy. The centres of world economy contain those areas in which the most important elements of capitalist economy (the capital, the technical- and social knowledge) accumulate. Developed countries belong to the centre, they have a leading role in the most modern and the fastest developing economical branches, in the economical system of the world and in the organization of regional integrations. They have influence on international trade, and on the movement of capital and money. Due to their leading role in world economy, their national economy is also integrated on a high level. It means that the connection system between their ecomical branches and the proccesses of their national economy is multilateral ^sokrétű. The infrastructure is also highly developed. 

Outside  the centre, there is a semi-peripheric zone whose countries provides resource, market and expanding area for the central states.

 The next zone is the periphery which is the outskirt of the world economy from both economical and territorial point of view. It contains the group of developing countries.They have a passive role in world economy or they are very dependent on the global economical processes directed by developed countries.But for these countries it is possible to rise. ^{felemelkedni (gazdasági értelemben is)}          
 

Nowadays three centre pole of growing ^{növekedési pólus} move ^mozgatja the world trade. The status of several countries and regions are determined by their relationship to the centre poles of growing. The 3 centre pole of growing are: the European Union, the U.S.A and Japan. Their common name is Triad. In today’s world economy actually the Triad takes up ^{teszi ki, alkotja} the centre. The flow of capital, technology and goods take place here, it possesses the 80% of all functioning capital. The other economical regions are only hinterlands^hátország of the Triad.

 The main engine and haszonélvező of world trade has been the U.S.A since the 1990’s. Its functioning capital import and export is the largest in the world, and it accunulates the largest commercial deficit.

Japan’s economical output^{teljesítmény} has stagnated since the 1990’s, but it has the most significant commercial activity of the three poles of growing. Its functioning capital export is much more than its import.

The profit of the European Union’s commerce is quite mild. The 1/3 of the world’s functioning capital export and import is conducted ^lebonyolít by the EU.

           

Social point of view:

The food production of the world – despite the population boom – exceeded ^meghaladta the increase of all population. As a result of the modern agrotechnics of the developed countries the overproduction of food is characteristic to the entire world, even some countries suffer from crisis caused by the overproduction. In these areas there is overconsumption that is an exacerbating ^súlyosbodó impact^ártalom on civilization. The unhealthy alimentation (that contains too much carbohydrate and protein) and the lack of training endangers the health of the population living in prosperity.

In a larger proportion of world population the main problem is the lack of food. The agricultural production of developing countries is not in proportion with the rapid increase of population that is why the lack of food is constant^állandó in these territories. The most cruel consequence of overpopulation is malnutrition. ^éhezés

The feature of the third large group of people is „hidden malnutrition”. Their problem is not the quantity of the food, but its quality. This food misses vitamins and microelements.

In countries suffering from malnutrition infant and child mortality is high and low life expectancy and pathologic ^kóros decrease of body weight of children are characteristic. The income of the population of developing countries is so low that they cannot appear on food market as a consumer. Consequently the main reason for malnutrition is poverty.             

Changes in the Energy Policy of the World from the late 20th century

OPEC: Organiztaion of Petrol Exporting Countries
1973: OPEC decided that the exporters increase the price of oil significantly

• It is called „oil price explosion” (olajár-robbanás) and the economical crisis that evolved due to this is called „oil crisis” (olajválság).
• As the price of oil increased it brought about general increasing of the price of energy
• The production of all goods needs energy, consequently the increase of oil’s price led to a general increase of prices

It led to: 
- bankruptcy (csőd) of companies
- unemployment
- inflation
- decrease of economical increase (this is called recession)
(=gazdasági növekedés csökkenése, amit recessziónak nevezünk)

The crisis was exacerbated by that the world economy at that time was in a period when the demands of the consumers’ market determined the production (not conversely) and the consumers were interested in unique products, not in goods producted en masse (tömegesen).

Companies had to change, had to research the demands of the consumers, evolve (kifejleszt) the product, organize its production and put it on the market as fast as possible

It made production expensive, because the budget of raw-material and energy increased

They had to find solution in order to remain able to compete
They turned towards renewable energy resources, because they are cheaper and by the usage of these resources, producers depended less on the fluctuation of the prices of oil than before

Renewable energy resources:
1.) hydroelectric power: power of rivers
dams (e.g. Norway and Scandinavia) & reservoirs (e.g. China)

2.) solar energy:
- comes from the sun used by solar collectors  provides small amount of energy  private houses use this kind of resource
- uneven energy resource

3.) wind energy:
- uneven
- can be used along seacoasts and at places where there is constant wind
(e.g. seacoasts, plains, high mountains)

4.) geothermal energy: steam
5.) waves tides  tidal energy (waves and tides are the biggest at the bay of Fundy /60m/)